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Although i of them – gluten – already went viral, most lectins are unknown. Yet, they exist in rough quantities and variations in foods.

However, since the heart surgeon Steven Gundry landed a bestseller with "The Plant Paradox," the interest in lectins has been growing.

Equally many recent studies will show united states in this article, these plant toxins exercise bear on health.

What Are Lectins in Food?

Lectins are big proteins that plants use every bit toxins to defend themselves against predators.

While animals have teeth and claws to protect themselves against predators, plants are not treatment such weapons.

Moreover, they are usually rooted so that they cannot run away.

Therefore, plants have evolved to produce chemical compounds chosen lectins to ward off insects, microorganisms, and other predators (Dolan et al. 2010¹).

Somewhere the natural resistance to parasites must come from, right?

Accordingly, the concentration of these plant toxins is oft uncommonly high in new pest-resistant crops (Macedo et al. 2015²).

Since they bind to carbohydrates in the body of predators, lectins are also known as "sticky proteins."

Appropriately, lectins adhere to sialic acid in the nervus endings of the intestine and brain, which inhibits communication and causes brain disorders.

These saccharide molecules also exist in body fluids and blood vessel linings. Therefore, lectins can cause inflammation and toxic reactions (Freed 1999³).

Although people exercise non digest lectins, the mucilaginous proteins tin ofttimes sneak into the bloodstream via the gut.

Lectins also facilitate the attachment and binding of viruses and bacteria and help them to reach their targets.

Therefore, some people who are more sensitive to lectins are more susceptible to viruses and bacterial infections than others.

Moreover, lectins, for example, in potatoes, promote the release of histamine, which can lead to excessive product of stomach acid (Pramod et al. 2007⁴).

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What Foods Have Lectins?

Information technology is the seeds, grains, leaves, barks, and shells where lectins are hiding.

You lot may accept heard that people used to identify tomatoes in front end of the pantry to keep insects away.

And with good reason. Tomatoes amid the foods highest in lectins. Hence, the concentration of lectins in the pare and seeds is exceptionally high. For example, these lectins can paralyze smaller insects.

When an animal eats a plant, lectins contained in the seeds assist to keep the seeds intact every bit they pass through the digestive tract of the predator. Subsequently the brute has excreted the seed, it ensures the survival of the plant's species.

However, lectins also demark to carbohydrates, especially to complex sugars (polysaccharides), in the body of the predator afterward it has eaten the found.

Appropriately, lectins target sugar molecules and attach themselves to them on the surface of the cells of other organisms, such as fungi, insects, and other animals.

Even so, humans are predators to many plants as well.

Since we are significantly larger than insects, the effects of lectins are usually not immediately noticeable. Just they announced over more than extended periods.

Are Lectins Bad for You?

As we will examine in more details foods high in lectins can unfold quite health-endangering effects co-ordinate to current studies.

With this in listen, a lectin-free nutrition is associated with the improvement of the following health weather condition (Gundry et al. 2017⁵):

Acne
Age spots, skin markings
Allergies
Alopecia
Anemia
Arthritis
Asthma
Autoimmune diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, blazon 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and Crohn'due south illness)
Bone loss (including osteopenia and osteoporosis)
Brain Fog
Cancer
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chronic pain syndrome
Colon polyps
Cramps, tingling, and numbness
Cranial Nebula
Dementia
Depression
Diabetes, prediabetes, insulin resistance
Exhaustion
Fat in the stool (due to poor digestion)
Fibromyalgia
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Gut issues (bloating, pain, flatulence, constipation, diarrhea)
Headaches
Middle disease, coronary heart disease, vascular disease
High blood pressure
Infertility, irregular menstrual wheel, miscarriage
Irritability and behavioral changes
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Joint pain
Little testosterone
Low levels of immunoglobulin One thousand, immunoglobulin M, and immunoglobulin A
Low white claret cell count
Lymphomas, leukemias, multiple myeloma
Male pattern alopecia
Retentiveness loss
Migraine
Nutritional deficits due to malabsorption
Parkinson'due south Affliction
Peripheral neuropathy
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
Reduction in dental health
Reflux or heartburn
Ringing in the ears
Skin rashes
The slow growth of infants or children
Vitiligo
Weight gain or loss

How Do Lectins Touch on Gut Health?

The understanding of lectins fills some dark spots in conventional medicine that were unexplained for a long fourth dimension. And like and then many diseases, the harmful effects of lectins brainstorm in the second brain – the intestine.

Lectins Cause Leaky Gut

Leaky Gut Syndrome means that the barrier separating the outside world – the contents of your alimentary canal – from your trunk leaks.

As a result, there is a loophole in the gut mucosal lining through which bacteria and toxins can enter the bloodstream from the gut and crusade inflammation and diseases.

If you lot want to keep Leaky Gut Syndrome in check, information technology is crucial to eliminate the cause of the holes in the unicellular intestinal wall: Foods high in lectins.

According to studies, it is precisely lectins in grain that tin cause injuries to the abdominal wall.

Above all, it is gluten that can cause "leaky gut," considering information technology makes up an incredible lxxx% of the proteins in wheat.

And this concentrated load foods high in lectins, such equally wheat, tin cause considerable impairment to the intestinal wall (Haupt-Jorgensen et al. 2018^{half dozen}).

What makes gluten so unsafe is that it tin trigger a procedure in the cells of the intestinal wall that destroys the proteins holding it together (Sturgeon et al. 2016⁷).

Hence, they create a gap in the intestinal wall. Besides gluten, it is mainly wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) that amercement the intestinal wall.

Why?

Because it is not a large protein like other lectins, but a tiny one, it passes through loopholes in the abdominal wall more easily.

Therefore, bacteria and viruses, such as influenza, can overcome the bulwark of the gut mucosal lining with the aid of lectins (Dalla Pellegrina et al. 2009⁸).

Thus, lectins independent in grains go far possible for a wide variety of harmful substances and pathogens to trigger a multitude of diseases.

Lectins and Weight Proceeds

Besides diseases, foods high in lectins can trigger weight gain. Once more, it is wheat and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) that causes additional pounds on your calibration.

For this reason, wheat has helped humanity to hide successfully over and once more. Due to WGA, whole grain staff of life is extraordinary fattening.

Considering different gluten, WGA is a lectin primarily contained in the bran. For this reason, white bread contains gluten, but no wheat germ agglutinin.

Accordingly, information technology is the supposedly healthy wholemeal staff of life that is amidst the foods highest in lectins.

Since WGA can bind to insulin and leptin receptors, it promotes weight gain. Therefore, information technology promotes the effectiveness of the storage hormone insulin and helps store body fat more than efficiently (Shechter 1983⁹).

On the one manus, WGA increases insulin resistance, leading to even more weight gain (Kamikubo et al. 2008¹⁰).

On the other paw, insulin resistance is a condition that sooner or later on leads to type 2 diabetes and other modernistic diseases.

As if this roughshod circle of weight gain was not enough, some physicians advise that WGA also prevents glucose from inbound the muscles.

As a result, the body stores glucose as body fat instead of burning information technology in the muscles. On top of that, wheat germ agglutinin is as well a significant cause of inflammation in the trunk.

Lectins and Inflammation

Not only does it penetrate the abdominal wall more quickly, but WGA tin can also bring free radicals to the gut mucosal lining, which can damage this thin wall.

Besides WGA, peanut agglutinin (PNA), jacalin in jackfruit, and other lectins in legumes tin can cause kidney inflammation. Thus, these lectins promote nephritis (Engel et al. 1997¹¹).

Since they trigger an immune response, lectins have also been linked to autoimmune inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes.

Autoimmune Diseases and Lectins

According to recent studies, lectins tin induce the formation of antibodies confronting good for you cells. Thus, lectins can cause autoimmune diseases (Saeki et al. 2014¹²).

Since immune cells confuse proteins on healthy cells with lectins, these antibody attacks are called molecular mimicry.

Since they are pretty new to our nutritional bike, some assume that lectins contained in foods from the New Earth, such as tomatoes, are more than likely to cause this defoliation.

Accordingly, lectins are associated with the following autoimmune diseases:

Arthritis
Crohn'due south disease
Dermatomyositis
Fibromyalgia
Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto' disease)
Lupus
Microscopic colitis
Multiple Sclerosis
Psoriasis
Raynaud's syndrome
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Scleroderma
Sjögren's syndrome (dry eyes and dry out mouth)
Systemic sclerosis
Ulcerative colitis

The surgeon and bestselling author Steven Gundry goes even further and claims that lectins promote all autoimmune diseases. Therefore, he thinks autoimmune diseases tin can be treated with a lectin-costless nutrition in general.

According to Gundry, it is likewise drugs and peculiarly antibiotics that can change your gut microbiome and abdominal mucosal lining in the long run.

They weaken the bulwark of the intestinal wall daily, allowing lectins to penetrate (Gundry et al. 2017^thirteen).

With this in mind, the current country of science suggests iii factors to be causal for the development of autoimmune diseases (Ferroli et al. 2012^fourteen):

Genetic preconditions
Leaky Gut
Lectins

Therefore, not anybody tin can become an autoimmune disease from lectins, just everyone with a genetic precondition will.

Even so, information technology is interesting that lectins cause two of the iii factors.

Hence, the reverse conclusion is that a lectin-free diet can amend or even cure autoimmune diseases.

Parkinson'southward Disease and Lectins

Lectins can cantankerous the claret-brain barrier and drift from the gut to the brain.

How does this piece of work?

Scientists take discovered that lectins can climb the vagus nervus from the gut to the brain and accumulate in the brain'due south control center.

The vagus is the longest of our cranial nerves and represents a direct connection from the gut to the brain. Hence, the gut is called the second brain for a reason.

And this harm to the substantia nigra, the switching indicate in the midbrain, causes Parkinson's illness (Zheng et al. 2016¹⁵).

Appropriately, patients who had their vagus nervus cut had 40 per centum less Parkinson's disease since lectins could not reach the brain directly (Svensson et al. 2015^xvi).

For this reason, Parkinson's disease as well occurs more than frequently amid vegetarians, since they eat more plants and thus more foods loftier in lectins.

Foods High in Lectins

More important than having all lectin-costless foods in your head is to know which ones are highest in lectins and can impairment your health.

Accordingly, with this foods loftier in lectins PDF, it is better to avert them strictly rather than consume them here and and so (Gundry et al. 2017¹⁷):

Vegetables Loftier in Lectins

In the case of vegetables, it is particularly important to avert legumes that contain large quantities of lectins. Some supposed vegetables are not included on this list, every bit they are actually fruits:

All beans, including sprouts
Chickpeas
Edamame
Green beans
Hummus
Legumes
Lenses
Pea Protein
Peas
Soy Protein
Soy
Structured vegetable protein
Sugar Peas
Tofu

Fruits High in Lectins

Among fruits, specially the families of nightshades, cucurbits (both fruits, not vegetables) and melons are highest in lectins:

Chili's
Cucumbers
Eggplants
Goji Berries
Melons (all types)
Peppers
Pumpkins (all types)
Tomatoes
Zucchini

Processed Foods High in Lectins

Lectins are non sectional to whole foods. On the opposite, it is precisely industrial processing that makes lectins – usually in the form of refined carbohydrates – fifty-fifty more concentrated and thus harmful:

Margarine
Milk
Pasta
Rice
Bread
Cookies
Flour
Cookies
Cornflakes
Cereals
Tortillas
Potatoes
Potato Chips
Sugar
Agave syrup
Acesulfame K
Sucralose
Aspartame
Saccharin
Maltodextrin
Free energy drinks
Diet soda
Zero Beverages

Grains and Pseudo-Grains High in Lectins

As nosotros have already pointed out, information technology is precisely grains that comprise various sorts of lectins.

Furthermore, yous will find pseudo-grains, such as quinoa, among these foods highest in lectins:

Barley
Barley Grass
Brownish rice
Buckwheat
Bulgur
Corn
Corn products
Cornstarch
Einkorn
High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)
Kamut
Oats
Popcorn
Quinoa
Rye
Spelt
Wheat Grass
White basmati rice
White rice
Wild rice

Basics and Seeds High in Lectins

Besides seeds, it's – strictly speaking – legumes such as peanuts and cashews that are exceptionally high in lectins:

Pumpkin seeds
Sunflower seeds
Chia seeds
Peanuts
Cashews

Oils High in Lectins

The following oils contain not just lectins merely also omega-6 fat acids that promote inflammation:

Canola
Corn
Grapeseed
Peanut
Safflower
Soy
Sunflower
Partially hydrogenated

Dairy Loftier in Lectins (Casein-A1)

Northern European cows requite milk that contains the milk protein casein A-1 instead of casein A-2. And this casein A-ane is converted into a lectin-like protein called beta-casomorphine during digestion.

Beta-casomorphine is considered one of the primary causes of type 1 diabetes. Information technology attaches itself to the insulin-secreting beta cells in the pancreas, where the immune system attacks it.

Unfortunately, Northern European cows are mainly used for milk production, equally they requite more than milk and are therefore more profitable Southern European cows. You can detect this milk in dairy products such as:

Cottage cheese
Cheese
Ice foam
Ricotta
Yogurt (incl. Greek)
Yogurt ice cream

Lectin-Free Foods Listing

Although Dr. Gundry'due south original positive listing inspires this lectin-gratis nutrient list PDF, I had to adapt information technology (Gundry et al. 2017¹⁸).

For example, it makes absolutely no sense to eat fructose bombs like dates if you want to improve your overall health, lose weight, and prevent insulin resistance and diabetes.

Lectin-Costless Vegetables

Besides leafy greens, most sorts of cabbages are native to Europe and low in lectins:

Algae (Nori)
Artichokes
Arugula
Asparagus
Basil
Beet
Broccoli
Brussels sprouts
Carrots
Cauliflower
Celery
Chicory
Chinese cabbage
Chives
Coriander
Fennel
Garlic
Jerusalem Artichoke
Kale
Kohlrabi
Leeks
Lettuce
Mint
Mushrooms
Mustard leaves
Okra
Olives
Onions
Pak Choi
Parsley
Perilla (Shiso)
Purslane
Radicchio
Radish
Radishes
Salad tips
Sauerkraut
Seaweed (Kelp)
Spinach
Swiss chard
Watercress
White and red cabbage

Lectin-Gratis Fruits

Although nearly fruits are fundamentally bad for wellness, that is not truthful for avocados, which shine with salubrious fats and nutrients. Additionally, berries and citrus fruits are tolerable in moderation:

Avocado
Blueberries
Blackberry
Strawberry
Raspberries
Citrus fruits (no juices)
Lemon juice

Lectin-Free Nuts and Seeds

Besides the lectin bombs already discussed, there is also a diversity of foods among basics that do non contain lectins:

Brazil basics
Coconut (not water)
Coconut milk
Flax seeds
Hazelnuts
Hemp seeds
Macadamia basics
Pecans
Pine nuts
Pistachios
Psyllium
Sesame
Walnuts

Lectin-Gratuitous Oils

Amid lectin-gratuitous oils, coconut oil should be the commencement option for frying, every bit information technology has the highest proportion of stable saturated fat acids:

Algae
Avocado
Cod Liver
Extra Virgin Flaxseed (common cold-pressed)
Actress Virgin Olive
Hemp seed
MCT
Macadamia
Red Palm
Shiso (Perilla)
Virgin Kokosnoot
Walnut
Fish
Krill

Lectin-Gratuitous Fish

On the lectin-free foods list, the post-obit fish is ideal, if non farmed:

Anchovies
Butterfish
Carp
Clams
Crabs
Hake
Halibut
Lobster
Mackerel (North Atlantic)
Mullet
Oysters
Prawns
Saithe
Salmon
Sardines
Scallops
Ocean Wolf
Squids
Trout
Tuna

Lectin-Gratis Meat

If the animals were not excessively fed with grains, corn, or soy and treated with antibiotics, the following options stand for foods low in lectins:

Chicken
Turkey
Duck
Goose
Pheasant
Pigeon
Quail
Ostrich
Pork
Lamb
Deer
Elk
Wild boar
Grass-fed beef
Bison
Prosciutto

Lectin-Gratis Dairy

In contrast to Northern European cows, goats, sheep, buffalo, and Southern European cows yet produce casein A-ii milk, which is independent in the post-obit lectin-free foods:

From French republic/Italia/Switzerland
- Butter
- Cheese
Buffalo (Italy)
- Butter
- Mozzarella
Casein A2
- Cheese
- Cream
Heavy foam cheese
Ghee
Coconut yogurt (no dairy product)
Parmesan
Pecorino
Sour cream
Grass-fed butter
Caprine animal and sheep
- Kefir
- Butter
- Yogurt
- Cheese
- Milk
- Cream

Lectin-Free Resistant Starch

Whether resistant starch is the most efficient choice for losing weight is arguable. Nevertheless, the following foods are costless of lectin:

Baobab fruit
Celeriac
Dishpans
Green bananas
Light-green papaya/mango
Khaki
Konjac Tuber
Millet
Palm lily blossoms
Parsnips
Plantains
Sorghum Millet
Sweet potatoes
Tapioca
Taro root
Tigernuts
Turnips
Yam edible bean
Yams

Lectin-Costless Flour

Non only in the depression-carb and keto cuisine only also generally, the following lectin-costless foods savor great popularity equally flour substitutes:

Almond flour
Arrowroot flour
Chestnut flour
Coconut flour
Flax flour
Flour from green bananas
Hazelnut flour
Manioc flour
Sesame flour
Sweet white potato flour
Tigernut flour

Lectin-complimentary Spices and Dressings

Besides these lectin-free spices, you can likewise enjoy Tabasco sauces in moderation:

Vinegar (without added sugar)
Herbs and spices (not chili)
Mustard
Pepper
Body of water salts (pinkish Himalayan, Celtic, Redmond)
Miso

Lectin-Free Beverages

Equally with losing weight in full general, no juices are allowed in a lectin-free nutrition – no matter how oftentimes they marketed every bit organic or natural:

Water
Mineral H2o
Lemon water
Herbal Tea
Green Tea
Black tea
Coffee
Crimson vino (one glass a day)

Reduce or Remove Lectins

Since the food industry jumped onto the vegan hype train, the consumption of foods high in lectins has increased enormously.

Considering direct vegetarians and Vegane often build their diets on legumes and nightshades due to limited alternatives and lack of protein sources.

So is at that place a way yous can reduce lectins in your diet?

Aye, there are methods to reduce them finer. Yet, it'due south non easy to destroy lectins.

But sentry out: Some methods circulate on the net that hope to neutralize lectins, although they cannot.

foods high in lectins and lectin free food list pdf

How to Remove Lectins From Tomatoes

Like other nightshade plants – eggplants, potatoes, peppers, or goji berries –- tomatoes come from the New World.

Therefore, equally tardily every bit 400 years ago, afterwards Columbus discovered America, they could enter our food chain and our guts for the commencement time.

Moreover, Europeans did not desire to eat tomatoes for more than than 200 years – and rightly so, every bit they incorporate countless lectins. It was not until the stop of the 19th century that dishes such every bit tomato sauce and pizza were adapted and made popular in Italy.

However, even today, real Italians still pare and seed tomatoes when preparing lycopersicon esculentum sauce. Since peels and seeds contain the most lectins, this is still an constructive way to reduce lectins.

And this is how to remove lectins from tomatoes:

Add tomatoes to boiling water
Peel them
Cut the fruits in halves
Squeeze out the seeds

This peeling and coring of tomatoes reduce lectins. However, this does non hateful that the tomatoes are entirely gratuitous of lectins.

Pressure Cooking

A pressure cooker neutralizes lectins in beans, which are an essential vegan source of poly peptide.

In this sense, the pressure cooker can help to destroy lectins in the following crops:

Legumes
Nightshades
Cucurbits
Fruits

However, the pressure level cooker cannot destroy lectins in wheat, rye, barley, and oats. And yes, that is foods loftier in lectins containing gluten.

Notwithstanding, steam cooking under pressure neutralizes lectins in other grains and pseudo-grains, such equally quinoa (Gundry et al. 2017¹⁹).

Fermentation

Numerous cultures worldwide utilize fermentation of food as office of their traditional diet.

For example, the Japanese take fermented soy products such equally miso, tempeh, and natto. Eastern Europeans also have sauerkraut or kvass, a fermented beverage made from beet.

Indians brand dosas by fermenting lentils and rice dough, and lassis with fermented milk. Similarly, Incas use bacteria to reduce lectins in quinoa.

For this reason, Tabasco and other spicy sauces are fermented, and chilies are traditionally pickled without skin and seeds.

There is likewise strong evidence that fermentation reduces lectins. For case, fermentation in sourdough neutralizes gluten (Rizzello et al. 2007^twenty).

Accordingly, fermentation in lentils besides neutralizes most all lectins (Nkhata et al. 2018²¹).

During fermentation, benign bacteria metabolize many indigestible compounds, including lectins. Still, non all lectins are entirely destroyed by fermentation, and some particularly stubborn lectins in beans are retained no matter how long the treatment takes.

So how are foods fermented to neutralize lectins?

Since at that place are countless fermentation methods for nutrient, I will not explain them explicitly.

Nevertheless, many fermentation methods use the addition of bacteria or a and so-called "starter cultures" leftover from a previous batch of fermentation to kickoff the process.

For example, a vinegar mother represents such a starter culture.

Soaking and Sprouting Does Non Piece of work

When it comes to neutralizing lectins, some myths broadcast on the Internet about methods that do not piece of work:

Soaking grains neither destroy gluten nor WGA
Sprouting legumes cannot reduce lectins

Instead, sprouting even seems to increase the lectin content. Furthermore, feeding animals with sprouted beans and grains show that this method tin can even cause cancer (Buchmann et al. 2007²²).

Foods High in Lectins Are Not Vital Anymore

In summary, lectins were able to ensure the survival of humanity in ancient times.

When food was scarce, the lectins in grains and beans could provide body fat to survive rough winters.

Still, today, in times of abundance, the same effect works against us.

Since the supermarket does not close from November to March, the fattening effect of foods high in lectins is redundant.

Particularly since they promote a variety of diseases, it makes sense to avoid foods loftier in lectins.

Also harming gut health, lectins can cause autoimmune, Parkinson'south, or mental diseases, such as depression and anxiety.

Although they are not the only factor in developing diseases, a lectin-gratuitous diet tin can be decisive for curing them.

Foods Loftier in Lectins FAQ

What foods are the highest in lectins?

Nightshades (e.g., potatoes, tomatoes 🍅), cucurbits 🎃, legumes, grains, and processed foods are highest in lectins.

What foods incorporate lectins to avert?

Nightshades (potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes 🍅, …), beans and lentils, peanuts 🥜, all sorts of grains and bakery 🥨 contain lectins to avoid.

Are eggs high in lectin?

🥚 Eggs aren't high in lectins – particularly not if they are pasture-raised.

Are lectins bad for your gut?

Lectins can damage the gut mucosal lining causing leaky gut. Furthermore, they can bring leaner and viruses into your body when overcoming this intestinal barrier. As a result, lectins tin can crusade inflammation, autoimmune and other diseases.

Studies and Books

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¹ Dolan LC, Matulka RA, Burdock GA. Naturally occurring food toxins. Toxins (Basel). 2010 Sep;two(ix):2289-332. doi: 10.3390/toxins2092289. Epub 2010 Sep 20. Review. PubMed PMID: 22069686; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3153292.

²Macedo ML, Oliveira CF, Oliveira CT. Insecticidal activity of constitute lectins and potential application in crop protection. Molecules. 2015 Jan 27;20(two):2014-33. doi: 10.3390/molecules20022014. Review. PubMed PMID: 25633332; PubMed Primal PMCID: PMC6272522.

³Freed DL. Practice dietary lectins crusade illness?. BMJ. 1999 April 17;318(7190):1023-four. doi: 10.1136/bmj.318.7190.1023. PubMed PMID: 10205084; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1115436.

⁴Pramod SN, Venkatesh YP, Mahesh PA. Potato lectin activates basophils and mast cells of atopic subjects by its interaction with core chitobiose of cell-bound not-specific immunoglobulin E. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007 Jun;148(3):391-401. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03368.ten. Epub 2007 Mar fifteen. PubMed PMID: 17362264; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1941928.

^vGundry SR, Buehl OB. The Plant Paradox: The Hidden Dangers in "healthy" Foods That Cause Disease and Weight Gain. New York, NY: Harper Moving ridge, an banner of HarperCollins Publishers, 2017.

^sixHaupt-Jorgensen 1000, Holm LJ, Josefsen Grand, Buschard Thousand. Possible Prevention of Diabetes with a Gluten-Free Diet. Nutrients. 2018 November 13;10(11). doi: 10.3390/nu10111746. Review. PubMed PMID: 30428550; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6266002.

⁷Sturgeon C, Fasano A. Zonulin, a regulator of epithelial and endothelial bulwark functions, and its involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases. Tissue Barriers. 2016;iv(4):e1251384. doi: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1251384. eCollection 2016. Review. PubMed PMID: 28123927; PubMed Cardinal PMCID: PMC5214347.

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^ixShechter Y. Bound lectins that mimic insulin produce persistent insulin-like activities. Endocrinology. 1983 Dec;113(half-dozen):1921-6. doi: 10.1210/endo-113-half-dozen-1921. PubMed PMID: 6357762.

^tenKamikubo Y, Dellas C, Loskutoff DJ, Quigley JP, Ruggeri ZM. Contribution of leptin receptor Due north-linked glycans to leptin bounden. Biochem J. 2008 Mar 15;410(3):595-604. doi: 10.1042/BJ20071137. PubMed PMID: 17983356.

^xiEngel U, Breborowicz D, Bøg-Hansen T, Francis D. Lectin staining of renal tubules in normal kidney. APMIS. 1997 Jan;105(i):31-4. doi: x.1111/j.1699-0463.1997.tb00536.x. PubMed PMID: 9063498.

¹²Saeki Y, Ishihara K. Infection-immunity liaison: pathogen-driven autoimmune-mimicry (PDAIM). Autoimmun Rev. 2014 Oct;13(10):1064-ix. doi: x.1016/j.autrev.2014.08.024. Epub 2014 Aug 23. PubMed PMID: 25182200.

^thirteenGundry SR, Buehl OB. The Found Paradox: The Hidden Dangers in "healthy" Foods That Cause Disease and Weight Proceeds. New York, NY: Harper Wave, an banner of HarperCollins Publishers, 2017.

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¹⁴Ferroli P, Caldiroli D, Acerbi F, Scholtze M, Piro A, Schiariti M, Orena EF, Castiglione Thousand, Broggi K, Perin A, DiMeco F. Application of an aviation model of incident reporting and investigation to the neurosurgical scenario: method and preliminary information. Neurosurg Focus. 2012 Nov;33(v):E7. doi: ten.3171/2012.9.FOCUS12252. Review. PubMed PMID: 23116102.

¹⁵Zheng J, Wang M, Wei Westward, Keller JN, Adhikari B, Male monarch JF, Rex ML, Peng N, Laine RA. Dietary Plant Lectins Appear to Be Transported from the Gut to Gain Admission to and Alter Dopaminergic Neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans, a Potential Etiology of Parkinson's Disease. Front Nutr. 2016;3:7. doi: ten.3389/fnut.2016.00007. eCollection 2016. PubMed PMID: 27014695; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4780318.

^xviSvensson E, Horváth-Puhó E, Thomsen RW, Djurhuus JC, Pedersen L, Borghammer P, Sørensen HT. Vagotomy and subsequent run a risk of Parkinson's affliction. Ann Neurol. 2015 Oct;78(iv):522-nine. doi: 10.1002/ana.24448. Epub 2015 Jul 17. PubMed PMID: 26031848.

¹⁷Gundry SR, Buehl OB. The Constitute Paradox: The Hidden Dangers in "healthy" Foods That Cause Affliction and Weight Gain. New York, NY: Harper Wave, an banner of HarperCollins Publishers, 2017.

¹⁸Gundry SR, Buehl OB. The Plant Paradox: The Hidden Dangers in "salubrious" Foods That Crusade Disease and Weight Gain. New York, NY: Harper Moving ridge, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers, 2017.

¹⁹Gundry SR, Buehl OB. The Found Paradox: The Hidden Dangers in "healthy" Foods That Cause Affliction and Weight Gain. New York, NY: Harper Moving ridge, an banner of HarperCollins Publishers, 2017.

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²¹Nkhata SG, Ayua E, Kamau EH, Shingiro JB. Fermentation and germination amend nutritional value of cereals and legumes through activation of endogenous enzymes. Food Sci Nutr. 2018 Nov;6(8):2446-2458. doi: ten.1002/fsn3.846. eCollection 2018 Nov. Review. PubMed PMID: 30510746; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6261201.

²²Buchmann CA, Nersesyan A, Kopp B, Schauberger D, Darroudi F, Grummt T, Krupitza M, Kundi G, Schulte-Hermann R, Knasmueller South. Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-i,4-benzoxazin-iii-one (DIMBOA) and 2,4-dihydroxy-ane,4-benzoxazin-3-ane (DIBOA), 2 naturally occurring benzoxazinones contained in sprouts of Gramineae are stiff aneugens in man-derived liver cells (HepG2). Cancer Lett. 2007 Feb viii;246(1-2):290-9. doi: x.1016/j.canlet.2006.03.013. Epub 2006 Apr 27. PubMed PMID: 16644106.

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